ENGLISH EXPERT

Rule – O + Has/Have + Been  + verb 3^rd form + other word + by + subject.

1. I have sent a letter.
2. I have seen a bird.
3. She has  spent all the money .
4. I have bought a car.
5. The servant has cleaned the room.
6. My friends have helped me.
7. Grandmother has told a story.
8. Someone has  stolen my purse.
9. They have  done their work.
10. He has  hidden the fact.
11. Our teacher has written three books.
12. The branches of the tree have caught the kite.
13. Somebody has taken away my book.
14. We have won the  match.
15. Government has built a road.
16. I have  spoken the truth.
17.  He has thrown the bottle.
18. She has found a wrist watch.
19. We have  given three pens.
20.  I have read this story.
21. They have drawn a big amount.
22. She has lost her purse.
23. I have kept my promise.
24. She has not stolen my book.
25. I have received my transfer orders.
26. Abhay  has read a number of books.
27. Kalpna has not  confessed her fault.
28. The carpenter has  made the  doors.
29. Ravi has not sold his cow.

Rule – O + is /are/am + Being  + verb 3^rd form + other word + by + subject.

1. I am flying a kite.
2. We are  playing  football.
3. Vijay is making a kite.
4. You are calling me .
5. He is singing a song .
6. I am  buying  mangoes.
7. We are collecting  stamps.
8. I am inviting the whole staff.
9. You are  lending money.
10. The teacher is taking attendance in the second period.
11. He is sending me there .
12. The merchant is selling sugar.
13. The green grocer is selling fruits.
14. Father is not spending money.
15. Girls are smelling flowers.
16. I am writing a letter.
17. We are  reading newspaper.
18. You arethrowing the ball.
19. He is drawing a picture..
20. The teacher is  teaching English.
21. The servant is beating  the dog.
22.  They are  selling horses.
23. He is  wearing old shoes.
24. She is  making a doll.
25. You are playing cricket.
26. Mary is answering the question.
27. I am watching the match.
28. He is driving a car.
29. I am not running a race.
30. Neha is not  telling a lie.
31. The chief guest is giving awards.
32. They are making a fun of you.
33. Geeta is washing the cloth.

Rule –     O + is /are/am + verb 3^rd form + other word + by + subject.

1.I take coffee.

2. he reads a book.

3.you help Mohan.

4. Mr. Sharma teaches English.

5. Boys study five subjects.

6.They see a tiger.

7.she sings a song.

8.you catch fish.

9.His teacher teaches  English.

10.sita dries clothes.

11.I bring medicine.

12.The carpenter makes a table.

13.we buy mangoes.

14. he shuts the door.

15.you do not ring the bell.

16.we love our parents.

17.He signs the  papers.

18. The soldiers dig the  trench.

19. you copy the lesson .

20.His brothers polish shoes.

21. Boys Fly kites.

22.she knits a sweater.

23.the servant cleans the room.

24. The boy shuts the gate.

25.he builds a hospital.

26.Mother cuts fruits.

27.The merchant sells sugar.

28.People do not play cricket in America.

29.Sanjay does his work.

30.Abhay helps the poor.

31. I do  my duty.

32.They expect good news.

33.My father helps me.

34.This officer  punishes juniors.

35.Kajal cooks food.

36.The Postman delivers letters.

37.The thief steal my watch.

38.Mohan does not eat mango.

ACTIVE VOICE  : – The form of the verb  which shows importance of its subject as the  active does of the action is called the  active voice.

PASSIVE VOICE : – The form of the verb which shows importance of action rather than the  subject is called the passive voice.

Remember things : –

1.passive voice make 8 tenses.

2. Present Perfect continuous , Past Perfect continuous , Future Perfect continuous & Future continuous tense are not make passive voice .

3.we use in verb 3^rd form in 8 tense.

4. we use in subject with  by + subject.

5.we change subject into object –

 I      –  Me  

We    – us

He   –  him

She  – her

It    –    it

They – them

You   – you

His   –  No change

We should follow some importance rules-

· According to Thomas and Wyatt : there are four specific aims of teaching English at the school stage.
· To listen: The first aims of English is to listen correctly what is spoken. A child should comprehensive the phone what are resided in the environment.
· To understand: It is effected with understanding of the sounds that are spoken in the environment by the teacher or anyone else.
· To speak: It deals with the reading what is written and to speak that is own works.
· To write: It is reflected with the writing of that which is written or spoken.

The aims of teaching can be divided into two part:
1. General aims 2. Particular aims
1 General aims: these are the long term aims of teaching English. These aims are meant to be achieved during the schooling period of the pupils,
The study of language has four aspects:
· The semantic aspect: It means the understanding of the meaning and its relationship as used in a sentence. It deals with comprehension.
· The phonetic aspects: It deals with the spelling and pronunciation of words.
· Graphic aspect: It is the writing aspect and deals with the reading aspect.
· Phonetic-cum-graphic aspect: It deals with the reading aspect.
2 Particular aims: Beside sgeneral aims the teacher should have definite, clear cut aims for each-lesson. These are called as objectives or short-term aims. These objectives should be precise, expressing and clear. The teacher may tell about his specifec aims to the students. For example:
i. If the teacher desires that his students should word written work, he should first give them oral drill about the written work they have to do subsequently.
ii. If the teacher wants to improve reading aloud by the students, he must perform a model reading himself.
Principle of Language Teaching
· Principle of naturalness.
· Principle of learning by doing.
· Principle of practice: Thorndike says “The language is skill which depends on a continuous practice.”
· Principle of imitation

· Principle of motivation and interest.
· Principle of habit formation: H.E. Palmer says “Language learning is essentially a habit-forming process during which we acuqire new habits.”
· Principle of ratio and sequence.
· Speech before writing.
· Basic sentences.
· Principle of selection and gragation.
Function of language
· Expressive function
· Informative function
· Directive function
· Interaction function
· Communication function
· Evolutionary function and
· Preservation function
Importance of language
· English as a language of business
· English in social life
· English is language of court
· History of language is the history of human civilization
· English as a library language
· English as a bista on the modern world
· English in education
· Inter-regional communication
Merits of teaching grammar
· Grammar is essential so for correct expression in a language is concerned.
· Language is a complex system. It has logic in form of grammar.
· It gives insight into the structures of the language.
· It is a systematized knowledge of a language.
· It provides a criterion for judging the correctness of language, as it is a theory of a language.
· Grammar teaching is essential if we want to proceed from concrete to abstract.
· Its importance in writing is undebatable.
· It helps in developing many mental abilities sucj as; reasoning, observation and concentration.
Suggestions for Successful Teaching of Grammar
· The lesson should be planned before hand.
· The material should be taken from the text-book.
· The method of teaching should be chosen keeping in view the age and general standard of students.
· Appropriate material aids should be used, e.g., pictures, flash-cards, substitution tables.
· Sufficient spoken and written work is essential.
· The teacher should be particular about the correction work in view the rule first then examples.
· For evaluation, the objectives type test should be used.
The Mechanics of Writing
The skill of developing writing is known as the ‘Mechanics of Writing’. It includes the following aspects:
· To know how to use the movements of hand.
· To know how to make strokes with proper hand movement.
· To learn how to give proper spacing between letters, words and sentences.